![]() The catatonia rating scale may be helpful in assessments. Patients may develop hyperthermia, tachycardia, and hypertension and be in danger of collapse from exhaustion. There is also an excited-delirious variety of catatonia with extreme hyperactivity (constant motor unrest or non-purposeful repetitive motor activity). ![]() Other features include mitgehen (eg, arm raising in response to light finger pressure, despite instructions to the contrary), echopraxia, echolalia or verbigeration (repetition of phrases or sentences like a scratched record) or stereotypies (repetitive meaningless activities). Catalepsy is the sudden loss of voluntary muscle control caused by severe fatigue, stress, or a strong emotion like laughter, anger or fear. There may be automatic obedience or exaggerated co-operation, combativeness, or even ambitendency (alternating co-operation and opposition). This review describes the diagnosis and management of cataplexy: attacks of bilateral loss of muscle tone, triggered by emotions and with preserved consciousness. Negativism - involuntary resistance to passive movement, or involuntary oppositional behaviour (Gegenhalten).Mutism - verbally minimally responsive.Motoric immobility - catalepsy (see below), waxy flexibility, stupor (extreme hypoactivity, minimal response to stimuli, including painful ones).Note whether there are any neurological signs or abnormal movements, or cogwheel rigidity (Parkinsonism). Check for a pyrexia, meningism or other signs of infection. ![]()
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